Fig. 1

Target areas for downscaling with WRF and ANN. a The outer (D1) and inner (D2) domains are indicated by gray shade and white, respectively. The spatial resolution was 30 km for D1 and 6 km for D2. b The target area for ANN downscaling (D2T) is indicated by a rectangle inside D2. c Geographical distribution of the 38 rain gauges providing data for this research are indicated by black dots