Fig. 8
From: Post-sunset rise of equatorial F layer—or upwelling growth?
Vertical TEC and residual TEC versus IPP longitude for a PNI, b KOS, and c MAJ. The black curve is VTEC, red curve is the running average, and the blue curve is the residual difference between these curves. d Tracks of the IPPs frm PNI (solid), KOS (dashed), and MAJ (dash-dot) plotted as a function of latitude and longitude. Figure is a reproduction with some changes in notation from Tsunoda et al. (2010)