Fig. 1

a The global energy and water cycle (modified from Trenberth et al. 2009) and its alternative distributions: b in sea and land (modified from Hartmann 1994, with values according to Trenberth et al. 2009) and c in latitude (modified from Hartmann 1994, which was based on Baumgartner and Reichel 1975; originally much older, at latest up to Meinardus’ analysis published in 1934; see Jaeger 1983). d Low-latitude part of Köppen’s (1918) original climate classification map showing already both latitudinal and coastal dependencies