Fig. 7

Manifestations of the cryosphere retreat. a Spring snow cover extent anomalies over Eurasia (Blunden and Arndt 2016). b Number of newly emerging thermokarst lakes in West Siberia during the 1973–2013 period (Polishchuk et al. 2015). c-d Altai Mountains on the boundary of Russia, China, and Mongolia; Kozlov glacier in 1906 and 2013, respectively (Syromyatina et al. 2015)