Coastal sand dune ecosystem services in metropolitan suburbs: effects on the sake brewery environment induced by changing social conditions

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 1 Land classification, sub-surface geology, and soil type in study area

Municipality		Land classification	Sub-surface geology	Soil
Taisho period	Present (2014)	Land classification	Sub-surface geology	Soil
Makuhari Town	Hanamigawa ward in Chiba City	Sand bank^c, natural levee	Sand-rich sediment^a	Unclassifiable
Kemigawa Town	Inage ward in Chiba City	Sand bank^c, natural levee,	Sand 1^b (exceedingly soft)	Unclassifiable
Kemigawa Town	Inage ward in Chiba City	Covering dune	Sand 1^b (exceedingly soft)	Unclassifiable
Shiina Village	Midori ward in Chiba City	Sand bank^c, natural levee	Sand-rich sediment^a	Pale ando soils
Goi Town	Ichihara City	Sand bank^c, natural levee	Sand-rich sediment^a	Rough particle gray soil
Kaneda Village	Kisarazu City	Sand bar, sand bank^c _, natural levee	Sand-rich sediment^a	Rough particle gray soil, Gray soil
Iwane Village		Sand bar, sand bank^c, natural levee	Mud-rich sediments^d	Gray soils
Kisarazu Town		Sand bar, sand bank^c _, natural levee, flood plains	Sand 1^b (exceedingly soft)	Rough particle gray soil, Gray soil
Funagata Town	Tateyama City	Sand bar (covered sand dune)	Sand-rich sediment^a	Unclassifiable
Nako Town		Sand bar (covered sand dune)	Sand-rich sediment^a	Unclassifiable
Hojo Town		Sand bar	Sand-rich sediment^a	Unclassifiable
Tateyama Town		Sand bar	Sand-rich sediment^a	Unclassifiable

^aSand-rich sediments: composed of sand and sand banks in the coastal area and composed of fine- medium sand
^bSand 1: consists of fine-to-medium grain sand, coarse sand, sandwiching a gravel clay. The thickness of the stratum is approximately 10–20 m
^cSand bar-sand bank: beach ridge composed of sand forced near the coast by waves and coastal currents
^dMud-rich sediments: distributed along the tributary valleys to cut the lowlands of the rivers and plateaus as well as the coastal lowland facing Tokyo Bay; composed of silt and clay