Fig. 11

Comparisons of divU and ΔEPT with lightning frequency distribution for case A. a Surface wind and divU distribution. b ΔEPT distribution and surface wind convergence lines. Strong wind convergence lines (divU ≤−20[×10⁻⁵/s]) are shown as solid lines, while weak convergence lines (−20[×10⁻⁵/s] < divU ≤ −10[×10⁻⁵/s]) are shown as dashed lines. c Composite maps of lightning frequency distribution, wind convergence lines, and regions where ΔEPT exceeds 10 K (highlighted in pink)