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Fig. 12 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 12

From: A numerical shallow-water model for gravity currents for a wide range of density differences

Fig. 12

Numerical results of a two-layer PDC model for the dam-break problem. The dense current height (h H) and dilute current height (h L+h H) at a t=1 and b t=10 are shown. A PDC is generated by the instantaneous release of an initially homogeneous dilute layer. The overlying dilute layer (initially \(\rho _{\mathrm {L}}^{*}/\rho _{\mathrm {a}} = 8.495\)) is calculated using the BC model, and the underlying dense layer (ρ H/ρ a=600.6) is calculated using the AB model with ε=10−10. Shear drag is applied for the basal resistance of the dense layer. The variables are non-dimensionalized using the initial values of the dilute layer (e.g., Eqs. (4) and (5)). Given parameters: aspect ratio (initial height/initial length) = 1; initial particle concentration of the dilute layer =0.005; density ratio (particles/air) =1500; density ratio (volcanic gas/air) =1; and the non-dimensional particle settling speed =0.05

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