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Progress in Earth and Planetary Science
Fig. 7 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 7

From: Subduction initiation from a stagnant lid and global overturn: new insights from numerical models with a free surface

Fig. 7

Free surface steady-state stagnant-lid in the 2-D global models. Lithosphere-scale yielding induced by global-scale convection of experiment g l o b a l2 with a free surface. The model employs a composite yield stress with a yield stress gradient of Δ σ y =0.005 and a dimensional, constant yield stress of σ y,const=21.7 MPa. Shown are a effective topography, b effective viscosity, c second invariant of the stress, and d second invariant of strain rate. The sticky-air layer is removed visually and replaced with a hatched grey area. Very high values are clipped in regions where they exceed a certain maximum value (black areas). White arrows and grey streamlines indicate the flow direction and pattern

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