Table 1 Summary of sandy tsunami deposits related to the 2011 Tohoku-oki earthquake
Region | Height amsl (m) | Maximum thickness (cm) | Numbers of layers | Inner structure | Laminations | Sorting | Presence of marine fossils | Presence of rip-up clasts | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Atsuma river, Hokkaido | 3.53 (inundation height) | ca. 20 | 6 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Sand layers seperated by mud drape. | Parallel > > cross | Well | Diatoms | No detection | Oota et al. 2012 |
2 | Misawa coast, Aomori Prefecture | 3.5–8.8 (flow height) | 56 | 1 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Normal grading. | Massive > parallel > cross | Well to moderately | No detection | No detection | Nakamura et al. 2012 |
3 | Southern Misawa coast, Aomori Prefecture | 8 (run up height) | 48 | 1 to 3 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Normal grading > reverse grading. | Parallel | – | No detection | No detection | Koiwa et al. 2014 |
4 | Mouth of Fudai river, Iwate Prefecture | 23 (run up height) | 60 | 1 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Normal grading. | Parallel | Poorly | No detection | No detection | Seo and Okushi 2012 |
5 | Miyako City, Iwate Prefecture | 28.1 (flow depth at the coast) | ca 100 | 1 | (1) Erosinal basement. normal and inverse grading | Massive | – | No detection | Presence | Yamada et al. 2014 |
6 | Koyadori, Iwate prefecture | 26-29 (run up height) 13-18 (inundation height) | 20 | 2 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) The lower unit is composed of coarse sediments with normal grading. The upper unit comprises finer sediments. | Partially laminated | – | – | No detection | Ishimura and Miyauchi 2015 |
7 | Rikuzen Takada, Iwate Prefecture | 19.9 (run up height) 14-15 (inundation height) | 31.5 | 1 to 4 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) The normally graded subunit was generally thicker than the inverse-graded one. | Parallell > > cross | Moderately to poorly | Ostracoda | No detection | Naruse et al. 2012 |
8 | Beach along Matsushima bay, Miyagi Prefecture | 8-14 (flow height at the coast) | – | – | – | – | – | Molluscs | – | Fujiwara et al. 2014 |
9 | Sendai Plain, Miyagi Prefecture | 11 (flow height at the coast) | ca 70 | 1 to 2 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Normal grading > > massive. | Parallell > > cross | Well | Very rare diatoms | Presence | Goto et al. 2011; Kitamura and Wakayama 2011; Shishikura 2011; Abe et al. 2012; Pilarczyk et al. 2012; Szczuciński et al. 2012; Takashimizu et al. 2012; Putra et al. 2013; Fujiwara and Tanigawa 2014; Goto et al. 2014a, b |
10 | Minami-Souma, Fukushima Prefecture | – | 30 | Multiple layers | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Normal grading. | Laminar | Poorly | – | – | Iijima et al. 2013 |
11 | Kita-Ibaraki, Ibaraki Prefecture | 5.47 (flow height at the coast) | 28 | 1 to 4 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) Sand layers were often seperated by mud drape. (3) Massive > normal grading. | Massive > parallel | Well | Molluscs | No detection | Yamada and Fujino 2013 |
12 | Norther Boso Peninsular, Chiba Prefecture | 6 (flow height at the coast) | 35 | 4 | (1) Erosinal basement. (2) The fine alternation of sand sheet and overlying mud drape. | Massive | – | Molluscs | No detection | Fujiwara et al. 2012 |