Fig. 3

Time until the next impact versus magma ocean crystallisation time for Earth-building giant impacts (embryo-embryo collisions). All points above the 1:1 line represent magma oceans that crystallise before the next impact. In the case where there is no atmosphere (surface heat flux = 200,000 W/m²), almost all magma oceans crystallise before the next impact. When the presence of a dense atmosphere is considered (surface heat flux = 475 W/m²), almost all global magma oceans are still present when the next impact occurs