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Fig. 10 | Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Fig. 10

From: Ensemble experiments using a nested LETKF system to reproduce intense vortices associated with tornadoes of 6 May 2012 in Japan

Fig. 10

Relationships between the duration of vortices (larger circles indicate longer durations) and environmental factors, obtained by NHM-350. a The vertical shear of horizontal wind (ΔUV) between the heights of 0.8 and 2.5 km (horizontal axis) and low-level water vapor (Qv) at the height of 0.8 km (vertical axis). b Storm relative helicity (SReH; horizontal axis) and low-level water vapor at the height of 0.8 km (vertical axis). c The number of grids in the averaged region where vertical shear 17 m s−1 (horizontal axis) and water vapor exceeded 12 g kg−1 (vertical axis). The averaged region was a rectangle (6.3 km east–west by 8.75 km north–south) on the southeastern side of the southern rainfall region and moved with the rainfall region

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