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Table 2 Major elemental composition of the major or potential tephras in Japan Sea sediments

From: Marine tephra in the Japan Sea sediments as a tool for paleoceanography and paleoclimatology

Tephra name

Tephra code

SiO2

TiO2

Al2O3

FeO*

MnO

MgO

CaO

Na2O

K2O

Ref.

Remark

Baegdusan–Tomakomai tephra

B-Tm

73.3

0.29

11.9

4.3

0.08

0.07

0.5

5.0

4.5

1

 

 (Mode 1)

 

75.7

0.24

10.5

4.0

0.02

0.08

0.3

4.7

4.4

1

Bimodal

 (Mode 2)

 

68.4

0.40

14.7

4.5

0.14

0.12

1.3

5.5

5.1

1

 

Kikai–Akahoya tephra

K-Ah

75.0

0.53

13.0

2.5

0.07

0.50

2.0

3.6

2.8

1

 

Ulleung-3c tephra

U-3c

61.20

0.58

19.20

3.11

0.15

0.36

1.56

6.36

7.48

2

 

Ulleung-Oki tephra

U-Oki

61.6

0.44

20.1

2.9

0.2

0.3

1.5

6.7

6.3

1

 

Daisen–Kusatanihara Pumice

KsP or DMs

72.24

0.21

16.27

1.44

0.04

0.40

2.17

4.23

3.03

3

 

Aira–Tanzawa tephra

AT

78.4

0.13

12.2

1.2

0.04

0.14

1.1

3.3

3.4

1

 

Ulleung–Yamato tephra

U-Ym

57.79

0.57

19.53

3.87

0.24

0.90

4.05

6.99

6.05

4

 

Baegdusan–Japan Basin tephra

B-J

72.01

0.15

11.12

4.79

0.14

0.02

0.45

5.89

5.42

5

 

San’in 1 tephra

SAN1

76.68

0.16

12.67

0.93

0.43

0.22

1.34

3.19

4.39

5

 

Ulleung–Sado-oki tephra

U-Sado

59.19

0.19

19.95

3.73

0.23

0.41

1.33

9.22

5.74

5

 

Baegdusan–Sado-oki tephra

B-Sado

68.86

0.27

14.40

3.90

0.16

0.07

0.69

6.44

5.20

4

 

Baegdusan–Yamato Basin tephra

B-Ym

67.00

0.36

15.28

4.63

0.13

0.09

0.92

6.12

5.49

4

 

Aso-4 tephra

Aso-4

72.7

0.43

14.9

1.6

0.1

0.4

1.2

4.6

4.2

1

 

 (Mode 1)

 

73.1

0.43

14.7

1.5

0.1

0.4

1.1

4.6

4.2

1

Bimodal

 (Mode 2)

 

72.3

0.44

15.0

1.7

0.1

0.5

1.5

4.6

3.8

1

 

Toya tephra

Toya

79.0

0.05

12.6

1.0

0.1

0.04

0.4

4.3

2.5

1

 

Aso-3 tephra

Aso-3

71.0

0.71

15.0

2.5

0.07

0.3

1.7

3.8

4.9

1

 

Ata–Torihama tephra

Ata-Th

78.4

0.1

12.4

1.0

0.1

0.2

1.2

3.4

3.3

1

 

Aso-1 tephra

Aso-1

65.2

0.6

14.8

3.2

0.1

0.6

2.0

3.1

4.8

1

 
  

–

0.6

15.1

4.0

0.1

0.6

2.1

3.2

4.3

1

*ICP

Baegdusan–Oga tephra

B-Og

70.59

0.52

18.44

4.54

0.19

0.16

1.28

6.17

6.24

6

 

Kobayashi–Kasamori tephra

Kb-Ks

74.7

0.3

14.0

1.3

0.1

0.3

1.1

4.0

4.3

1

 
  

–

0.2

12.1

1.3

0.1

0.2

1.2

3.5

3.7

1

*ICP

Hakkoda 1 tephra (0.75 Ma; reference 9)

HKd1 or Hkd-Ku

78.3

0.2

12.0

1.3

0.1

0.4

1.2

4.3

2.3

1

 

Shishimuta–Azuki tephra (0.85 Ma; 9)

Ss-Az

72.3

0.5

14.8

2.6

0.1

0.0

1.6

3.5

4.7

1

 

Shishimuta–Pink tephra (1.05 Ma; 9)

Ss-Pnk

–

0.2

12.4

1.3

0.1

0.2

1.2

3.1

4.0

1

*ICP

Omine tephra (1.65 Ma; 9)

Omn

77.9

0.1

12.8

1.0

0.1

0.1

0.9

2.7

4.5

7

 
  

–

0.1

10.2

1.3

0.1

0.1

1.0

3.1

4.4

1

*ICP

Ebisutoge–Fukuda tephra (1.75 Ma; 9)

Ebs-Fkd

76.8

0.1

13.1

1.5

0.1

0.0

0.9

2.9

4.4

7

 
  

–

0.1

9.8

1.7

0.1

0.1

1.0

3.2

4.4

1

*ICP

Znp-Ohta tephra (3.9 Ma; 9)

Znp-Oht

–

0.03

12.26

1.18

0.08

0.01

0.59

3.30

4.46

8

*ICP

  1. References: 1, Machida and Arai (2003); 2, Shiihara et al. (2011); 3, Domitsu et al. (2002); 4, Lim et al. (2013); 5, Ikehara et a.l (2004); 6, Shirai et al. (1997); 7, Nagahashi et al. (2000); 8, Tamura et al. (2008); 9, Satoguchi and Nagahashi (2012). Total iron is shown as FeO*. Elemental composition analyzed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method is shown as *ICP