Marine tephra in the Japan Sea sediments as a tool for paleoceanography and paleoclimatology

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 1 Major Middle–Late Quaternary tephras in the Japan Sea sediments

Tephra name	Tephra code	Source volcano		Age (reference)
Baegdusan–Tomakomai tephra	B-Tm	Baegdusan volcano	China/North Korea	10th century (1)
Kikai–Akahoya tephra	K-Ah	Kikai caldera	South Kyushu, Japan	7,165–7,303 (2)
Ulleung–Oki tephra	U-Oki	Ulleung volcano	Ulleung Island, Korea	10,177–10,225 (2)
Asama–Kusatsu Pumice	As-K	Asama volcano	North Kanto, Japan	15–16.5 ka (1)
Daisen–Kusatanihara Pumice	KsP or DMs	Daisen volcano	Chugoko, Japan	20–22 ka (1)
Baegdusan–Vladivostok-oki tephra	B-V	Baegdusan volcano	China/North Korea	24.5 ka (3)
Aira–Tanzawa tephra	AT	Aira caldera	South Kyushu, Japan	30,009 ± 189 (2)
Ulleung–Yamato tephra	U-Ym	Ulleung volcano	Ulleung Island, Korea	38.2 ka (4)
Baegdusan–Japan Basin tephra	B-J	Baegdusan volcano	Chian/North Korea	50.6 ka (4)
Ulleung–Sado-oki tephra	U-Sado	Ulleung volcano	Ulleung Island, Korea	61.1 Ka (4)
Baegdusan–Sado-oki tephra	B-Sado	Baegdusan volcano	China/North Korea	67.6 ka (4)
Baegdusan–Yamato Basin tephra	B-Ym	Baegdusan volcano	China/North Korea	85.8 ka (4)
Aso-4 tephra	Aso-4	Aso caldera	Central Kyushu, Japan	85–90 Ka (1)
Toya tephra	Toya	Toya caldera	Hokkaido, Japan	112–115 ka (1)
Aso-3 tephra	Aso-3	Aso caldera	Central Kyushu, Japan	133 ka (5)
Ata–Torihama tephra	Ata-Th	Ata caldera	South Kyushu, Japan	240 ka (1)
Aso-1 tephra	Aso-1	Aso caldera	Central Kyushu, Japan	250–270 ka (1)
Baegdusan–Oga tephra	B-Og	Baegdusan volcano	China/North Korea	448 ka (6)
Kobayashi–Kasamori tephra	Kb-Ks	Kobayashi caldera	South Kyushu, Japan	520–530 ka (1)

References 1, Machida and Arai (2003); 2, Smith et al. (2013); 3, Ikehara (2003); 4, Lim et al. (2013); 5, Chun et al. (2004); 6, Shirai et al. (1997)