Table 1 Examples of time-sorted phenomena within the solar–terrestrial system
Minutes to hours | Days to weeks | Months to years | Decades to centuries |
|---|---|---|---|
Solar flares | Solar radiation | Solar cycles | Solar irradiance changes |
CMEs (coronal mass ejections) | Emerging flux features | Solar dynamo | Earth surface temperature |
Geomagnetic storms | Trapped particles | Solar wind variance | Ozone changes |
Substorms | Magnetic clouds | Cosmic rays | Galactic cosmic rays |
Ionospheric currents and structure | Geomagnetic storms | Middle atmosphere dynamics, temperature, and composition | Maunder minimum |
Atmospheric gravity waves | Radiation belt dynamics | SAO (semi-annual oscillation) and QBO (quasi-biennial oscillation) | Climate change |
Turbulence | |||
Reconnection | |||
Radiation belt enhancements |