Fig. 7
From: Auroral substorms as an electrical discharge phenomenon
An example of the energy dissipation rate (the Joule heat production rate) during a moderate substorm (Ahn et al. 1983, 1989). (Left) The global distribution of dissipation, including a quiet time and the maximum epoch of a substorm. (Right) The time variations of the globally integrated heat production (dissipation) rate δ(t), together with the AE index; both the growth and expansion phases are indicated