The Pliocene to recent history of the Kuroshio and Tsushima Currents: a multi-proxy approach

Gallagher, Stephen J.; Kitamura, Akihisa; Iryu, Yasufumi; Itaki, Takuya; Koizumi, Itaru; Hoiles, Peter W.

doi:10.1186/s40645-015-0045-6

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 3 A list of key stratigraphic sections in the northwest Pacific reviewed in this paper that reveal the 5 million year to recent history of the Kuroshio and Tsushima Currents

From: The Pliocene to recent history of the Kuroshio and Tsushima Currents: a multi-proxy approach

Summary of the key sections
1. Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene history of the Kuroshio Current
Oldest (Ma)	Youngest (Ma)	Group/formation	Location	Proxy/proxies	Author
9	2.5	Shimajiri Group	Okinawa-jima	Nannofossils	Imai et al. 2013
5.3	3.5	Shimajiri Group	Okinawa-jima	Nannofossils	Imai et al. 2013
5	3	Miyazaki Group	Kyushu	Molluscs	Tomida and Kitao 2002; Tomida et al. 2013
Pliocene	Pleistocene		East and West Japan	Ostracoda	Ikeya and Cronin 1993
Pliocene	Early Pleistocene		Pacific side of Japan	Molluscs	Tsuchi and Shuto 1984; Ogasawara 1994
3	0	Chinen Formation	Okinawa-jima	Benthic Foraminifera	Gallagher et al. 2009
3.58	0.78	Seagipo Formation	Jeju island	Benthic Foraminifera	Kang et al. 2010
2.8	2.5		Kyushu	Ostracod/Planktic foraminifera	Iwatani et al. 2012
1.65	0	Ryukyu Group	Ryukyu Islands	Coral reefs/corals	Yamamoto et al. 2006; Iryu et al. 2006; Montaggioni et al. 2011
ca. 700 ky	ca. 700 ky	Kazusa Group	West coast Japan	Sand ridge facies analyses	Ito and Horikawa 2000
144 ky	0		Off central Japan, Pacfic	Radiolarians	Yasudomi et al. 2014
150 ky	0		Tohoku	Diatoms	Koizumi and Yamamoto 2011
2. Late Pleistocene to Holocene Kuroshio Current
Oldest	Youngest	Section type	Location	Proxy/proxies	Author
55 ky	0	Core	South of Japan	U^K’ ₃₇index	Sawada and Handa,1998
LGM	0	Core	Ryukyu Arc	Planktic foraminifera/oxygen isotopes	Ujiié and Ujiié 1999; Jian et al. 2000; Ujiié et al. 2003
10.5 ky	0	Core	East China Sea	Mg/Ca and C/O analyses	Lin et al. 2006: Kubota et al. 2010
9 ky	0	Submarine cave	Okinawa-jima	δ ¹⁸O micro-bivalves	Yamamoto et al. 2010; Kitamura et al. 2013
6.5 ka BP	5.0 ka BP		East coast Japan	Molluscs	Matsushima 1984
LGM	9.5 ka BP	ODP Leg 195, Site 1202		Detrital sediment and sorting analyses	Dieckmann et al. 2008
13 ky	0	ODP Leg 195, Site 1202		Nannofossils	Su and Wei 2005; Wei 2006
LGM	0	Core	Okinawa Trough	Mg/Ca; d¹⁸O data; ocean modeling	Kao et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2013
LGM	0	Core	Hesse Rise, Pacific Ocean	Palynoflora	Kawahata and Ohshima 2002
LGM	0	Core	Northwestern Pacific Ocean	Radiolarians	Yamamoto et al. 2004
LGM	0	Core	Northeastern East China Sea	Palynoflora	Kawahata and Ohshima 2004
3. Pliocene to Middle Pleistocene history of the Tsushima Current
Oldest (Ma)	Youngest (Ma)	Group/Formation	Location	Proxy/proxies	Author
4	2.2	Mita Formation	Joetsu	Molluscs	Amano et al. 2008
3.5	1.7	See Fig. 4	Joetsu	Molluscs/Planktic foraminifera	Kitamura et al. 1999; Kitamura and Kimoto 2006
1.7	0.8	Omma Formation	Joetsu	Molluscs/Planktic foraminifera	Kitamura et al. 1999; Kitamura and Kimoto 2006
1.6	1	Omma Formation	Joetsu	Benthic foraminifera	Hoiles et al. 2012
0.8	0	Various	Central and northern Japan	Molluscs	Omura 1980; Matsuura 1985; Nishimura 1996; Chiba and Sato 2014
1.7	0.8	Oki Ridge	ODP Site 798	Planktic foraminifera	Kheradyar 1992
3.4	130 ka	Various	Japan Sea	Diatoms	Koizumi 2013
1.7		Core	DSDP Site 302	Radiolarians	Kamikuri and Motoyama 2007
Mid Pleist	Late Pleist	Core	Japan Sea	Radiolarians	Morley et al. 1986; Itaki 2001, 2007; Itaki et al. 2007
4. Late Pleistocene to Holocene Tsushima Current
Oldest	Youngest	Section type	Location	Proxy/proxies	Author
yrs	yrs
16,000	11,000	Shelf outcrop	Japan Sea off southwestern Japan	Molluscs	Chiji et al. 1981
9300	5000	Core	Off Sado Island	Molluscs	Kitamura et al. 2011
8610		Outcrop	Tsushima Islands	Molluscs	Saito et al. 1995
7200	900	Outcrop	Coastal area along Hokkaido	Molluscs	Kito et al. 1998: Matsushima 2010
9300	0	Core	Japan Sea	Planktic foraminifera	Domitsu and Oda 2006
8300	6800	Core	Off the coast of Sanin	Planktic foraminifera	Takata et al. 2006
10,000	8000	Core	Japan Sea	Radiolarians	Itaki 2001

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