Typhoon-induced sea surface cooling during the 2011 and 2012 typhoon seasons: observational evidence and numerical investigations of the sea surface cooling effect using typhoon simulations

Progress in Earth and Planetary Science

Table 2 Specifications of the coupled model and the experimental design for the simulations

	T1106	T1109	T1215	T1221L(H)
Horizontal resolution	2 km	2 km	2 km	3 km
Horizontal grid number	1,391 × 1,201	1,101 × 1,101	1,291 × 1,021	701 × 701
Vertical grid number	40
Top height	22,801 m
Time step (atmosphere model)	6 s	6 s	6 s	8 s
Initial time	2011/7/13/0000UTC	2011/7/30/0000UTC	2012/8/21/0000UTC	2012/10/8/0000UTC
Integration time	144 h	84 h	96 h	168 h
Lateral boundary relaxation sponge layers	70	100	60	15
Oceanic initial condition	MOVE 0.1°	MOVE 0.5°	MOVE 0.1°	MOVE 0.5° (0.1°)
Surface roughness length	Kondo (1975) [uncoupled model]/Taylor and Yelland (2001) [coupled model]
Surface boundary layer		Louis et al. (1982)
Atmospheric boundary process	Klemp and Wilhelmson (1978) and Deardorff (1980)
Cloud physics	Explicit three-ice bulk microphysics (Lin et al. 1983)
Radiation	Sugi et al. (1990)