Fig. 11

Computed \(D=3\) model slab surface temperatures and velocities with an initial 30°  straight dip evolving into the Nazca slab geometry over \({11}\,\hbox {Myr}\) (cf. Fig. 1). The time interval is discretized with 100 time steps such that \(\Delta t = {0.11}\,\hbox {Myr}\). In the instantaneous velocity plot, the size of crosses represents speed in the \(-\hat{\varvec{z}}\) direction (into the page) and arrows correspond to the horizontal velocity component acting in the \(\hat{\varvec{x}}\) and \(\hat{\varvec{y}}\) directions. The colors indicate the total speed