Fig. 5

a, b Time series of flashes detected by LIDEN (black), FOD simulated by BLM with SN14 (solid red) and T08 (solid blue), and flashes diagnosed by MC with SN14 (dashed red) and T08 (dashed blue). c, d Time series of hourly root mean squared error (RMSE) of flashes observed by LIDEN and FOD simulated by BLM with SN14 (solid red) and T08 (solid blue) or flashes diagnosed by MC with SN14 (dashed red) and T08 (dashed blue). The mean RMSE for the entire analysis time is shown in the legends of (c) and (d). a, c and b, d show the results for S1 and S2, respectively