Fig. 11From: Precision and convergence speed of the ensemble Kalman filter-based parameter estimation: setting parameter uncertainty for reliable and efficient estimationConvergence time plotted against the parameter ensemble spread (σ). Red line shows Exps. 5–8 where the initial ensemble mean of μinit = 0.55; blue line shows Exps. 9–12 where μinit = − 0.55. The time series of Exp. 5 does not converge within 6 h, and as such, was not plottedBack to article page